Identification of innate IL-5-producing cells and their role in lung eosinophil regulation and antitumor immunity.
Masashi Ikutani, Tsutomu Yanagibashi, Masaru Ogasawara, Koichi Tsuneyama, Seiji Yamamoto, Yuichi Hattori, Taku Kouro, Atsuko Itakura, Yoshinori Nagai, Satoshi Takaki, Kiyoshi Takatsu
(Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.)
J. Immunol.
il-5 is involved in number of immune_responses such_as helminth infection and allergy il-5 also plays roles in innate_immunity by maintaining b-1 cells and mucosal iga production however the identity of il-5-producing cells has not been unambiguously characterized in this report we_describe the generation of an il-5 reporter mouse and identify il-5-producing non-t lymphoid cells that reside in the intestine peritoneal_cavity and lungs in naive_mice they_share many characteristics with natural helper cells nuocytes and ih2 cells including surface ags and responsiveness to cytokines however these phenotypes do_not completely overlap with any particular one of these cell types innate non-t il-5-producing cells localized most abundantly in the lung and proliferated and upregulated il-5 production in response to il-25 and il-33 il-33 was more_effective than il-25 these cells contribute to maintaining sufficient numbers of lung eosinophils and are important for eosinophil recruitment mediated_by il-25 and il-33 given that eosinophils are shown to possess antitumor_activity we studied lung tumor metastasis and showed that innate il-5-producing cells were increased in response to tumor invasion and their regulation of eosinophils is critical to suppress tumor metastasis genetic blockade or neutralization of il-5 impaired eosinophil recruitment into the lung and resulted in increased tumor metastasis conversely exogenous il-5 treatment resulted in suppressed tumor metastasis and augmented eosinophil infiltration these newly_identified innate il-5-producing cells thus play_role in tumor surveillance through lung eosinophils
Mouse models of radiation-induced cancers.
Leena Rivina, Robert Schiestl
(Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. Electronic address: yrivina@stanford.edu.)
Adv. Genet.
radiation-induced ri secondary cancers were not major clinical concern even as little as years_ago however advances in cancer diagnostics therapy and supportive_care have saved numerous lives and many former cancer patients are now living for and more years beyond their initial_diagnosis the majority of these patients have received radiotherapy as part of their treatment regimen and are now beginning to develop secondary cancers arising_from normal_tissue exposure to damaging effects of ionizing_radiation because historically patients rarely survived past the extended latency_periods inherent to these ri cancers very_little effort was channeled towards the research leading to the development of therapeutic_agents intended to prevent or ameliorate oncogenic effects of normal_tissue exposure to radiation the number of ri cancers is expected to increase very rapidly in the near_future but the field of cancer biology might not be prepared to address important issues_related to this phenomena one such issue is the ability to accurately differentiate_between primary tumors and de_novo arising secondary tumors in the same patient another issue is the lack of therapeutic_agents intended to reduce such cancers in the future to address these issues large-scale epidemiological_studies must_be supplemented with appropriate animal modeling studies this_work reviews relevant mouse mus musculus models of inbred and f1 animals and methodologies of induction of most relevant radiation-associated cancers leukemia lymphoma and lung and breast cancers where available underlying_molecular pathologies
The role of inflammation in lung cancer.
Mónica Gomes, Ana Luísa Teixeira, Ana Coelho, António Araújo, Rui Medeiros
(Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, EPE, Grupo de Oncologia Molecular-CI, Edifício Laboratórios, 4º piso Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal, monic ...)
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
lung cancer remains serious public_health problem and is the first cause of cancer death_worldwide and the overall_5-year survival rate for all stages is 14-17 for non-small-cell_lung cancer and for small-cell_lung cancer clinical and epidemiologic_studies have suggested strong_association among chronic infection inflammation and cancer immune_system plays_critical role in maintaining tissue_homeostasis cell turnover tissue_remodeling and preventing infection and cell transformation the inflammatory component in the development of the neoplasm includes diverse leukocyte population these components are considered inflammatory tumor key factors promoting tumor progression due to its_ability to release variety of cytokines_chemokines and cytotoxic mediators such_as reactive_oxygen species_ros metalloproteinases interleukins and interferons cancer-related inflammation affects many_aspects of malignancy including the proliferation and survival of malignant cells angiogenesis tumor metastasis and tumor response to chemotherapeutic_drugs and hormones moreover epidemiologic_studies and meta-analysis have_shown that prolonged use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory nsaid drugs reduces the risk of several solid tumor including lung cancer strong lines of evidence suggest_that the chemopreventive_properties of chronic nsaid administration are based_on their cox-inhibitory activity however the prevention is much_better and more economical way to fight_against cancer than treating an already advanced
A qualitative exploration of the use of calendar landmarking instruments in cancer symptom research.
Katie Mills, Jon Emery, Camilla Cheung, Nicola Hall, Linda Birt, Fiona M Walter
()
BMC Fam Pract
late diagnosis is considered to be major factor contributing to poorer cancer survival_rates in the uk interventions have focussed_on the promotion of earlier diagnosis in patients with potential cancer symptoms however to assess the effectiveness of these interventions the time from symptom_onset to presentation needs to be reliably and accurately measured this qualitative study explored the use of calendar_landmarking instruments in cancer symptom research we performed secondary analysis of transcripts of interviews using the calendar_landmarking instrument undertaken with patients who_had either been diagnosed with cancer irco study western_australia or who_had symptoms_suggestive of cancer symptom study north_east and eastern england we used constant comparison methods to identify use of the calendar_landmarking instruments and the impact of their application the calendar_landmarking instrument appeared to help many patients either by acting as prompt or helping to refine recall of events combination of personal birthday and national christmas landmarks seemed to be the most effective calendar_landmarking instruments appeared more useful where the time period between onset of symptoms and date of first_consultation was less_than three months the interviewee age_gender and cancer type did_not appear to influence whether or not the instrument facilitated recall and there were no instances where the use of the instrument resulted in the disclosure of new first symptom symptoms of similar chronic conditions could create difficulties when applying the instrument it was difficult for these participants to characterise and disentangle their symptoms which prompted their decisions to seek_help some participants tended to prefer to use their_own already personalised diaries to assist in their recall of events this_study is the first to describe the potential role of calendar_landmarking instruments to support research interviews which explore symptoms and events along the cancer diagnostic pathway the major_challenge remains as to whether they
Palliative and end-of-life care in lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
Dee Walker Ford, Kathryn A Koch, Daniel E Ray, Paul A Selecky
(Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Dr, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. fordd@musc.edu)
Chest
in the united_states lung cancer is major health_problem that is associated with significant patient distress and often limited survival with some exceptions the purpose of this_article is to address the role of palliative and end-of-life_care in the management of patients with lung cancer and to address the need for good communication_skills to provide support to patients and families this_article is based_on an extensive review of the medical_literature up to april with some articles as recent as august the authors used the pubmed and cochrane_databases as_well as ebesco host search for articles addressing palliative_care supportive_care lung neoplasm and quality of life in cancer or neoplasm with no limitation on dates the research was limited to human studies and the english_language there was no definitive work in this area most of it being concurrence based rather_than evidence based several randomized_controlled trials were identified which are reviewed in the text the article_focuses on the assessment and treatment of suffering in patients with lung cancer as_well as the importance of communication in the care of these patients over the course of the disease the aim of medical_care for patients with terminal lung cancer is to decrease symptom_burden enhance the quality of remaining life and increase survival benefit second objective is to emphasize the importance of good communication_skills when addressing the needs of the patient and his or her_family starting at the time of diagnosis which in itself is life-changing event too often we do it poorly but by using patient-centered communication_skills the outcome can_be more satisfactory finally the article_addresses the importance of advance_care planning for patients with lung cancer from the time of diagnosis until the last phase of the illness and it is designed to enhance the physician role in facilitating this planning process this_article provides guidance on how to reduce patient distress and avoid nonbeneficial treatment in patients with lung cancer the goal is to decrease symptom_burden enhance quality of life and increase survival benefit good communication and advance_care planning are
Examination of GyE system for HIMAC carbon therapy.
Tatsuaki Kanai, Naruhiro Matsufuji, Tadaaki Miyamoto, Junetsu Mizoe, Tadashi Kamada, Hiroshi Tsuji, Hirotoshi Kato, Masayuki Baba, Hirohiko Tsujii
(Department of Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan. kanai@nirs.go.jp)
Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.
retrospective_analysis was made to examine appropriateness in the estimation of the biologic effectiveness of carbon-ion_radiotherapy using resultant data from clinical_trials at the heavy-ion medical accelerator complex himac at the national_institute of radiological sciences in chiba_japan at himac relative biologic effectiveness_rbe values of therapeutic carbon beams were determined based_on experimental results of cell responses on values expected with the linear-quadratic_model and based_on experiences with neutron therapy we use fixed rbe_values independent of dose levels although this apparently contradicts radiobiologic observations our rbe system depends only on let of the heavy-ion radiation fields with this rbe system over patients have_been treated by carbon beams with data from these patients the local_control rate of non-small-cell_lung cancer was analyzed to verify the clinical rbe of the carbon_beam the local_control rate was compared with rates published by groups from gunma_university and massachusetts_general hospital using simplified tumor control probability_tcp model clinical rbe_values were obtained for different levels of tcp for the level of the clinical tcp the rbe_values nearly coincide with those for in vitro human salivary_gland cell survival at for the higher levels of clinical tcp the rbe_values approach closer to those adapted in
How Medicare's payment cuts for cancer chemotherapy drugs changed patterns of treatment.
Mireille Jacobson, Craig C Earle, Mary Price, Joseph P Newhouse
(RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA. mjacobso@rand.org)
Health Aff (Millwood)
the medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act enacted in substantially_reduced payment rates for chemotherapy drugs administered on an_outpatient basis starting in january we assessed how these reductions affected the likelihood and setting of chemotherapy treatment for medicare_beneficiaries with newly_diagnosed lung cancer as_well as the types of agents they received contrary to concerns_about access we found that the changes actually increased the likelihood that lung cancer patients received chemotherapy the type of chemotherapy agents administered also changed physicians switched from dispensing the drugs that experienced the largest cuts in profitability carboplatin and paclitaxel to other high-margin drugs like docetaxel we do_not know_what the effect was on cancer patients but these changes may have offset some of the savings projected from passage of the legislation the ultimate message is that payment reforms have
Peritoneal leiomyosarcoma in a kidney transplant patient: a case report.
N Cautero, S De Luca, A Vecchi, P Garelli, D Nicolini, G Martorelli, G M Frascà, G Gaffi, D Taruscia, I Bearzi, G Adani, A Risaliti
(Chirurgia Epatobiliopancreatica e dei Trapianti di Fegato, Rene e Pancreas, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy. cauteronic@yahoo.it)
Transplant. Proc.
sarcomas are rare neoplasms accounting_for incidence among all transplanted patients presenting with de_novo malignancies our present report focused_on 46-year-old_woman who_received immunosuppressive_therapy based_on cyclosporine and steroids for renal_transplantation eight years after transplantations she_suffered lower abdominal_pain and mass involving peritoneal soft_tissues was located_near the right_iliac vessels upon radical tumor excision the histological_examination revealed high-grade leiomyosarcoma immunosuppression was reduced and cyclosporine switched to rapamycin after days computed_tomography scan revealed two small pulmonary_metastases so the patient received adriamycin six months after the diagnosis there was no intra-abdominal relapse and the pulmonary metastasis remain stable the function of the transplanted kidney was normal and the patient was listed for laparoscopic pulmonary resection sarcomas in solid_organ transplant patients appear to have aggressive features with being high grade and metastatic at the time of primary diagnosis with recurrence rate of and 5-year_survival rate of patients diagnosed with sarcoma should_be treated with multimodality_therapy after aggressive surgery whenever_possible combination of traditional_cytotoxic drug and signal blocking agent like rapamycin may increase selectivity_toward tumor cells
Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma on [¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT: a pictorial essay.
Raghava Kashyap, Bhagwant Rai Mittal, Kuruva Manohar, Chidambaram Natrajan Balasubramanian Harisankar, Anish Bhattacharya, Baljinder Singh, Pankaj Malhotra, Subhash Varma
(Department of Nuclear Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India.)
Cancer Imaging
lymphoma is the seventh most_common type of malignancy in both_sexes it is neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells at various stages of differentiation and affects lymph_nodes with infiltration into the bone_marrow spleen and thymus however extra nodal_involvement is frequently seen in many cases with the development of dedicated_positron emission_tomography pet_scanners with fused computed_tomographic ct systems in the same gantry 18f_fluorodeoxyglucose fdg_pet/ct has_become major tool in the evaluation of lymphomas and it is inimitable in certain_situations such_as assessment of response to therapy extranodal_lymphoma can present with diverse manifestations and sometimes mimics other organ-related pathologies knowledge of the protean manifestations of extranodal_lymphoma is required to accurately_detect the disease and differentiate it from the various physiologic and benign causes of fdg_uptake in various_organs we present_case series of extranodal_involvement of histologically_proven cases of lymphomas detected on fdg-pet/ct at our_institute to demonstrate the challenges in
Metallic elements in lung tissues: results of a meta-analysis.
Simona Catalani, Giuseppe De Palma, Antje Mangili, Pietro Apostoli
(Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Section of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.)
Acta Biomed
several studies have investigated the levels of metallic elements in the pulmonary tissues of healthy_subjects patients with lung diseases and occupationally_exposed subjects the present meta-analysis was aimed_at both assessing the possible_contribution of metal exposure to the development of lung diseases including lung cancer and evaluating systematically the role and the weight of variability factors_affecting the results of such studies literature research covering the period 1980-2007 was conducted using the public database pubmed standard scoring method was elaborated with minimum score of for inclusion and evaluation selected papers underwent meta-analytical assessment fifty-eight papers were retrieved but of them could not be admitted to further analysis due to failure to achieve the minimum score the main limitations of individual studies included limited sample_sizes poor control of smoking_habits and differences in subjects ages lung tissue topography sampling methods storage procedures and data analysis copper and zinc were the most represented elements +/ and +/_microg/g dry_weight respectively among toxic metals the highest concentrations were observed for chromium and lead +/ and +/_microg/g respectively tissue concentrations were similar in unaffected tissues from both controls and lung cancer patients whereas they were lower in lung tumor samples considerable intra and inter-individual_variability was noted such variability of measures combined with the very_low metal concentrations calls for the definition and use of standardized procedures of sample_collection storage